ABSTRACT
Informal health payment in several middle and low income countries is a serious impediment to health care reform. This payment is effectively a form of systemic corruption. Informal health payments have adverse impact on access and utilization of health services, efficiency, quality and equity. Informal payments lead to false information about the real costs of disease and the patient share of these costs and consequently wrong government policies. The objective of this paper is analyses of informal payments among hospitals covered under Tehran University of medical sciences [TUMS] 2009. In this cross- sectional study, we used random sampling and selected finally 3 hospitals. Then in a simple random sampling, we recruited 300 discharged patients from general, surgery, emergency, ICU and CCU wards. All of the data are collected by interview and questionnaire. We analyzed data with Chi- Square, T-test, Annova, Bonferroni. According to the findings, Of the total 300 respondents in the study sample, about 3.7% had requested informal payment. 21% of respondents reported at least one informal payment. Cash payments constituted the bulk of total informal payment [88.8%]. In the majority of the cases, the Patient paid for appreciation [55.6%]. All of the people who had paid informal payment, it has been paid to the servant and maid, Only in one case, in addition to the servant and maid, the Guardian has also been paid. None of the socio-economic characteristics of the family, Insurance status, type of referral, payment form [voluntary or solicited] were related to the size of informal payments. And there is a relationship between length of stay and size of informal payment [p-value=0.015]. There isn't relationship between these factors- except marital status [p-value=0.042] - and frequency of informal payments. It seems that training about informal payments properly, increasing health sector resources, increasing official income levels, improving quantity and quality of health services and Trying to change the opinions which believes informal payments are necessary [changing culture] can be effective in controlling informal payments
ABSTRACT
Background: Emotional intelligence skills are considered as the main factors in effective leadership and career to success of managers. The present study carried out to investigate the rate of emotional intelligence and its relation to manager performance in selected public and private hospitals in Tehran. Materials and methods: This is a descriptive analyzing study which used cross-sectional method. The sample size of the study [N=120] were all senior and middle level managers in public and private hospitals affiliated to the medical universities of Tehran, Iran and Shahid Beheshti. Regarding the purpose of the study as an evaluation of managers' performances the viewing of three employees [related to the managers] applied in mentioned hospitals. The applied questionnaires composed on; the standardized questionnaire [shrink Questionnaire], and a researcher-designed questionnaire. Correlation coefficient of researcher-designed questionnaire was 88% which indicated the good reliability to the questionnaire. To the viewpoints selecting of 360 employees Shrink Questionnaire was used. The total of 480 questionnaires analyzed throughout Kolmogrov Smirno, Manwitny, and Kruskal-Wallis tests. Results: There was association between emotional intelligence and performance of managers; however, there was no significant relationship with the domains of emotional intelligence. Regarding the factors in different domains of emotional intelligence; social skills [60%] and self-motivation [50%] were in the highest and lowest levels respectively. The total amount of emotional intelligence was 56%. Conclusion: There is no significant association between emotional intelligence; in all domains with managers' performance.